Topic 3 - Natural Disasters
Lesson 1 - How do Volcanos work?
Click for Volcano Video
How do Volcanos work?
Within your groups design a poster explaining the following;
Divergent Tectonic Plates
Convergent Tectonic Plates
Ring of Fire
Magma
Lava
Pressure
Crust
Tectonic Friction
Shield Volcano
Composite Volcano
Pyroclastic Flows
There should be colourful diagrams in all of these posters.
Lesson 2 - How do different nations react to Volcanic eruptions?
In this lesson we will evaluate our models and compare the eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines and Mt. St. Helens in Washington State, USA.
Lesson 1 - How do Volcanos work?
Click for Volcano Video
How do Volcanos work?
Within your groups design a poster explaining the following;
Divergent Tectonic Plates
Convergent Tectonic Plates
Ring of Fire
Magma
Lava
Pressure
Crust
Tectonic Friction
Shield Volcano
Composite Volcano
Pyroclastic Flows
There should be colourful diagrams in all of these posters.
Lesson 2 - How do different nations react to Volcanic eruptions?
In this lesson we will evaluate our models and compare the eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines and Mt. St. Helens in Washington State, USA.
Mt St. Helens, Washington State, U.S.A
Task
Task
Videos used in the lesson-
Mt St. Helens 1
Mt. St. Helens 2
Mt. Pinatubo 1
Mt. Pinatubo 2
Task
Compare and contrast the ability of an MEDC and LEDC to respond to a natural disaster as one item from each list;
List One
Comparable logo’s and advertising slogans
An annotated coin or stamp design
Charts and Graphs with explanations
A dramatic story in 200 words
A Doctors prescription with dosage instructions
A 10 box flow chart
List Two
An army marching song
Marriage vows for bride and groom
A love song
A play-by-play sports commentary
A narrated interpretive dance
A tasteful (!) obituary
A cheesy radio advertisement
A heated dialogue between enemies
A Parent-Teacher conference meeting
A Conversation with a fictional figure
Lesson 3 - How much of a disadvantage is living in an LEDC when a natural disaster strikes?How do MEDC's react to Earthquakes?
How do LEDC's react to Earthquakes?
Mt St. Helens 1
Mt. St. Helens 2
Mt. Pinatubo 1
Mt. Pinatubo 2
Task
Compare and contrast the ability of an MEDC and LEDC to respond to a natural disaster as one item from each list;
List One
Comparable logo’s and advertising slogans
An annotated coin or stamp design
Charts and Graphs with explanations
A dramatic story in 200 words
A Doctors prescription with dosage instructions
A 10 box flow chart
List Two
An army marching song
Marriage vows for bride and groom
A love song
A play-by-play sports commentary
A narrated interpretive dance
A tasteful (!) obituary
A cheesy radio advertisement
A heated dialogue between enemies
A Parent-Teacher conference meeting
A Conversation with a fictional figure
Lesson 3 - How much of a disadvantage is living in an LEDC when a natural disaster strikes?How do MEDC's react to Earthquakes?
How do LEDC's react to Earthquakes?
1. Earthquakes are measured in Magnitude. What does this mean?
Lesson 4a- How is the Earth Constructed
Click for Powerpoint
Task 1
Create an A4 poster to show how what the Earth is made of.
The following should be shown with at least 2 bullet points of information;
1. Inner core
2. Outer Core
3. Lower Mantle
4. Upper Mantle
5. Crust/Lithosphere
6. Asthenosphere
7. Oceanic & Continental Crust
8. Size, composition and density of each section
You may use your computer for this task.
Lesson 4a- How is the Earth Constructed
Click for Powerpoint
Task 1
Create an A4 poster to show how what the Earth is made of.
The following should be shown with at least 2 bullet points of information;
1. Inner core
2. Outer Core
3. Lower Mantle
4. Upper Mantle
5. Crust/Lithosphere
6. Asthenosphere
7. Oceanic & Continental Crust
8. Size, composition and density of each section
You may use your computer for this task.
Task 2
What types of tectonic plate boundaries are there?
For each of the four types of tectonic plate boundaries;
Plate Boundaries
-Constructive
-Destructive
-Collision
-Conservative
For descriptions, make sure you use the words Focus, Epicentre, Magnitude, Liquification, Pangea, seismic, Richter scale and know what they mean.
What types of tectonic plate boundaries are there?
For each of the four types of tectonic plate boundaries;
- Draw a diagram showing it
- Describe it
- Give some example locations of this type of boundary
Plate Boundaries
-Constructive
-Destructive
-Collision
-Conservative
For descriptions, make sure you use the words Focus, Epicentre, Magnitude, Liquification, Pangea, seismic, Richter scale and know what they mean.
Lesson 4b - How can we describe the destruction caused by Earthquakes?
Click for PowerPoint
Task
Click for task sheet
Task 1
Complete the table below with the correct terms and descriptions
Task 2
Read the information and highlight and annotate any connections you could make to the terms and descriptions in the table in Task 1.
Task
1. Create your own Hazard Characteristics Curve for Earthquakes. Use the handout, and your own knowledge, to help you.
2. Explain three elements of your curve - why have you placed the line where you have?
3. Describe what your map shows in relation to the dangers Earthquakes pose.
Extension - Add volcanoes to your characteristics curve
Hazard Characteristics Curve
Click for PowerPoint
Task
Click for task sheet
Task 1
Complete the table below with the correct terms and descriptions
Task 2
Read the information and highlight and annotate any connections you could make to the terms and descriptions in the table in Task 1.
Task
1. Create your own Hazard Characteristics Curve for Earthquakes. Use the handout, and your own knowledge, to help you.
2. Explain three elements of your curve - why have you placed the line where you have?
3. Describe what your map shows in relation to the dangers Earthquakes pose.
Extension - Add volcanoes to your characteristics curve
Hazard Characteristics Curve
Task -What factors influence the severity of an earthquake on human populations?
Click for handout
1. Use the handout to mind map factors.
2. This is Norris.
He is nervous.
Write a guide for Norris on how to avoid the worst effects of earthquakes.
Include as many factors that affect earthquake damage as you can.
Be prepared to read your work out!
Task - Earthquake Case Studies
Read the two case studies on the handout (page 3)
1. Why was the Kobe earthquake so devastating? Demonstrate your knowledge from earlier in the lesson where you can.
2. Explain why the Kashmir earthquake had a greater impact than the Kobe earthquake. Remember to use clear points, examples and explanations. Use phrases like “this suggests/shows/means that…” to help explain fully.
Lesson 5 - Earthquake- proof buildings
Read the two case studies on the handout (page 3)
1. Why was the Kobe earthquake so devastating? Demonstrate your knowledge from earlier in the lesson where you can.
2. Explain why the Kashmir earthquake had a greater impact than the Kobe earthquake. Remember to use clear points, examples and explanations. Use phrases like “this suggests/shows/means that…” to help explain fully.
Lesson 5 - Earthquake- proof buildings
Your task
Investigate methods that engineers and architects use to make buildings resistant to earthquakes. Use that knowledge to design and model an Earthquake-proof building.
This will then be presented as a sales pitch explaining the features of your earthquake-proof building
Bonus points for buildings that are made most appropriate for a particular LEDC or MEDC. This might mean reflecting upon the types of earthquakes that occur in a given place, the suitability of the materials for the environment and the suitability of the design for the environment the building will be based in. This is not limited to skyscrapers in large cities - what about houses for people who live in rural villages or homes for people who are financially limited?
Requirements
1. Create a model building.
Models must be between 50cms - 60cms tall.
Bases of models can be no larger than 20cm edge-to-edge.
A container for an egg to sit in must sit within 5cms of the top of the building
No planes of cardboard or any other material can be use to hide the frame of the structure, all materials used in the model must be appropriate equivalents of real-life materials.
Most importantly, you must show your investigated earthquake-resistant feature(s).
2. You should also look to produce a sales booklet and sales presentation to explain your building to investors.
Marking Grid Criteria
Investigate methods that engineers and architects use to make buildings resistant to earthquakes. Use that knowledge to design and model an Earthquake-proof building.
This will then be presented as a sales pitch explaining the features of your earthquake-proof building
Bonus points for buildings that are made most appropriate for a particular LEDC or MEDC. This might mean reflecting upon the types of earthquakes that occur in a given place, the suitability of the materials for the environment and the suitability of the design for the environment the building will be based in. This is not limited to skyscrapers in large cities - what about houses for people who live in rural villages or homes for people who are financially limited?
Requirements
1. Create a model building.
Models must be between 50cms - 60cms tall.
Bases of models can be no larger than 20cm edge-to-edge.
A container for an egg to sit in must sit within 5cms of the top of the building
No planes of cardboard or any other material can be use to hide the frame of the structure, all materials used in the model must be appropriate equivalents of real-life materials.
Most importantly, you must show your investigated earthquake-resistant feature(s).
2. You should also look to produce a sales booklet and sales presentation to explain your building to investors.
Marking Grid Criteria
Tokyo Disaster Metropolitan map
http://map.bousai.metro.tokyo.jp/en/pc/
Tokyo Emergency Guide
http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/GUIDE/BOSAI/index.htm
Point, Evidence, Explain (PEE)
PEE is a very good framework for writing in a rigorous manner where statements are well supported by evidence.
http://map.bousai.metro.tokyo.jp/en/pc/
Tokyo Emergency Guide
http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/GUIDE/BOSAI/index.htm
Point, Evidence, Explain (PEE)
PEE is a very good framework for writing in a rigorous manner where statements are well supported by evidence.
Question: Using the diagrams below, explain the the relationship between the distribution of earthquakes and plate boundaries.
http://www.geocoops.com/quakes--volcanoes.html
http://www.geocoops.com/quakes--volcanoes.html
Lesson 7 - What are Tsunamis?
Key Terms:
Tsunami
Definition:A series of huge ocean waves generated by undersea earthquakes or landslides, volcanic eruptions, or the impact of a large meteorite in the sea.
Context:The word "tsunami" comes from the Japanese term for great harbor wave.
Crest
Definition:The top of a wave
Context:The crest of a wave may rise only a foot or two above normal.
Surge
Definition:A large wave or billow
Context:The water builds and then breaks into a huge surge that rushes ashore.
Trough
Definition:The lowest point between waves
Context:For every wave peak is a trough. If the trough appears first, the sea recedes before a wave arrives on land.
Tsunami
Definition:A series of huge ocean waves generated by undersea earthquakes or landslides, volcanic eruptions, or the impact of a large meteorite in the sea.
Context:The word "tsunami" comes from the Japanese term for great harbor wave.
Crest
Definition:The top of a wave
Context:The crest of a wave may rise only a foot or two above normal.
Surge
Definition:A large wave or billow
Context:The water builds and then breaks into a huge surge that rushes ashore.
Trough
Definition:The lowest point between waves
Context:For every wave peak is a trough. If the trough appears first, the sea recedes before a wave arrives on land.
Task
You must create a comic that demonstrates how a tsunami forms, what happens when it reaches shore, what damage it does.
10 Worst Tsunamis
1. Sumatra, Indonesia - 26 December 2004
The 9.1 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra was estimated to occur at a depth of 30 km. The fault zone that caused the tsunami was roughly 1300 km long, vertically displacing the sea floor by several metres along that length. The ensuing tsunami was as tall as 50 m, reaching 5 km inland near Meubolah, Sumatra. This tsunami is also the most widely recorded, with nearly one thousand combined tide gauge and eyewitness measurements from around the world reporting a rise in wave height, including places in the US, the UK and Antarctica. An estimated US$10b of damages is attributed to the disaster, with around 230,000 people reported dead.
2. North Pacific Coast, Japan - 11 March 2011
A powerful tsunami travelling 800km per hour with 10m-high waves swept over the east coast of Japan, killing more than 18,000 people. The tsunami was spawned by an 9.0 magnitude earthquake that reached depths of 24.4km- making it the fourth-largest earthquake ever recorded. Approximately 452,000 people were relocated to shelters, and still remain displaced from their destroyed homes. The violent shaking resulted in a nuclear emergency, in which the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began leaking radioactive steam. The World Bank estimates that it could take Japan up to five years to financially overcome the $235 billion damages.
3. Lisbon, Portugal - 1 November 1755
A magnitude 8.5 earthquake caused a series of three huge waves to strike various towns along the west coast of Portugal and southern Spain, up to 30 m high, in some places. The tsunami affected waves as far away as Carlisle Bay, Barbados, where waves were said to rise by 1.5 m. The earthquake and ensuing tsunami killed 60,000 in the Portugal, Morocco and Spain.
4. Krakatau, Indonesia - 27 August 1883
This tsunami event is actually linked to the explosion of the Krakatau caldera volcano. Multiple waves as high as 37 m were propagated by the violent eruptions and demolished the towns of Anjer and Merak. The sea was reported to recede from the shore at Bombay, India and is said to have killed one person in Sri Lanka. This event killed around 40,000 people in total; however, as many as 2,000 deaths can be attributed directly to the volcanic eruptions, rather than the ensuing tsunami.
5. Enshunada Sea, Japan - 20 September 1498
An earthquake, estimated to have been at least magnitude 8.3, caused tsunami waves along the coasts of Kii, Mikawa, Surugu, Izu and Sagami. The waves were powerful enough to breach a spit, which had previously separated Lake Hamana from the sea. There were reports of homes flooding and being swept away throughout the region, with a total of at least 31,000 people killed.
6. Nankaido, Japan - 28 October 1707
A magnitude 8.4 earthquake caused sea waves as high as 25 m to hammer into the Pacific coasts of Kyushyu, Shikoku and Honshin. Osaka was also damaged. A total of nearly 30,000 buildings were damaged in the affected regions and about 30,000 people were killed. It was reported that roughly a dozen large waves were counted between 3 pm and 4 pm, some of them extending several kilometres inland at Kochi.
7. Sanriku, Japan - 15 June 1896
This tsunami propagated after an estimated magnitude 7.6 earthquake occurred off the coast of Sanriku, Japan. The tsunami was reported at Shirahama to have reached a height of 38.2 m, causing damage to more than 11,000 homes and killing some 22,000 people. Reports have also been found that chronicle a corresponding tsunami hitting the east coast of China, killing around 4000 people and doing extensive damage to local crops.
8. Northern Chile - 13 August 1868
This tsunami event was caused by a series of two significant earthquakes, estimated at a magnitude of 8.5, off the coast of Arica, Peru (now Chile). The ensuing waves affected the entire Pacific Rim, with waves reported to be up to 21 m high, which lasted between two and three days. The Arica tsunami was registered by six tide gauges, as far off as Sydney, Australia. A total of 25,000 deaths and an estimated US$300 million in damages were caused by the tsunami and earthquakes combined along the Peru-Chile coast.
9. Ryuku Islands, Japan - 24 April 1771
A magnitude 7.4 earthquake is believed to have caused a tsunami that damaged a large number of islands in the region; however, the most serious damage was restricted to Ishigaki and Miyako Islands. It is commonly cited that the waves that struck Ishigaki Island was 85.4 m high, but it appears this is due to a confusion of the original Japanese measurements, and is more accurately estimated to have been around 11 to 15 m high. The tsunami destroyed a total of 3,137 homes, killing nearly 12,000 people in total.
10. Ise Bay, Japan - 18 January 1586
The earthquake that caused the Ise Bay tsunami is best estimated as being of magnitude 8.2. The waves rose to a height of 6m, causing damage to a number of towns. The town of Nagahama experienced an outbreak of fire as the earthquake first occurred, destroying half the city. It is reported that the nearby Lake Biwa surged over the town, leaving no trace except for the castle. The Ise Bay tsunamis caused more than 8000 deaths and a large amount damage.
Task
You have 20mins to become an expert on one Tsunami
You will create a 2min presentation to the class on the Tsunami
You should try to find out;
-What caused the tsunami
-How much damage was caused
-How severe it was
-What has been done since the tsunami (if anything)
-Anything else relevant to help you explain
Task
Create a memorable (for the right reasons!) public warning system informing them how to deal with a Tsunami.
This could take one of several forms;
Role play
TV commercial
A song
An interview with an expert
Great Waves
Surviving a Tsunami
PANIC!
An earthquake, a volcano and a tsunami is about to hit Hong Kong and wipe it out!
Your family is at risk!
If you had friends they would be at risk too!!
ARRRGGHHH!!!
Create a plan of action for dealing with natural disasters. You will need to assume that help is not going to arrive fast from China in the wake of the disaster. How will you prepare?
Think about;
Where is safest?
How will you store food?
How will you deal with casualties?
Why will your plan help you survive?
Show your plan of action in whatever format you feel is best.
Extension-
What about zombies? How would that affect your planning? Millions of zombies? What are you going to do?
You must create a comic that demonstrates how a tsunami forms, what happens when it reaches shore, what damage it does.
10 Worst Tsunamis
1. Sumatra, Indonesia - 26 December 2004
The 9.1 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra was estimated to occur at a depth of 30 km. The fault zone that caused the tsunami was roughly 1300 km long, vertically displacing the sea floor by several metres along that length. The ensuing tsunami was as tall as 50 m, reaching 5 km inland near Meubolah, Sumatra. This tsunami is also the most widely recorded, with nearly one thousand combined tide gauge and eyewitness measurements from around the world reporting a rise in wave height, including places in the US, the UK and Antarctica. An estimated US$10b of damages is attributed to the disaster, with around 230,000 people reported dead.
2. North Pacific Coast, Japan - 11 March 2011
A powerful tsunami travelling 800km per hour with 10m-high waves swept over the east coast of Japan, killing more than 18,000 people. The tsunami was spawned by an 9.0 magnitude earthquake that reached depths of 24.4km- making it the fourth-largest earthquake ever recorded. Approximately 452,000 people were relocated to shelters, and still remain displaced from their destroyed homes. The violent shaking resulted in a nuclear emergency, in which the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began leaking radioactive steam. The World Bank estimates that it could take Japan up to five years to financially overcome the $235 billion damages.
3. Lisbon, Portugal - 1 November 1755
A magnitude 8.5 earthquake caused a series of three huge waves to strike various towns along the west coast of Portugal and southern Spain, up to 30 m high, in some places. The tsunami affected waves as far away as Carlisle Bay, Barbados, where waves were said to rise by 1.5 m. The earthquake and ensuing tsunami killed 60,000 in the Portugal, Morocco and Spain.
4. Krakatau, Indonesia - 27 August 1883
This tsunami event is actually linked to the explosion of the Krakatau caldera volcano. Multiple waves as high as 37 m were propagated by the violent eruptions and demolished the towns of Anjer and Merak. The sea was reported to recede from the shore at Bombay, India and is said to have killed one person in Sri Lanka. This event killed around 40,000 people in total; however, as many as 2,000 deaths can be attributed directly to the volcanic eruptions, rather than the ensuing tsunami.
5. Enshunada Sea, Japan - 20 September 1498
An earthquake, estimated to have been at least magnitude 8.3, caused tsunami waves along the coasts of Kii, Mikawa, Surugu, Izu and Sagami. The waves were powerful enough to breach a spit, which had previously separated Lake Hamana from the sea. There were reports of homes flooding and being swept away throughout the region, with a total of at least 31,000 people killed.
6. Nankaido, Japan - 28 October 1707
A magnitude 8.4 earthquake caused sea waves as high as 25 m to hammer into the Pacific coasts of Kyushyu, Shikoku and Honshin. Osaka was also damaged. A total of nearly 30,000 buildings were damaged in the affected regions and about 30,000 people were killed. It was reported that roughly a dozen large waves were counted between 3 pm and 4 pm, some of them extending several kilometres inland at Kochi.
7. Sanriku, Japan - 15 June 1896
This tsunami propagated after an estimated magnitude 7.6 earthquake occurred off the coast of Sanriku, Japan. The tsunami was reported at Shirahama to have reached a height of 38.2 m, causing damage to more than 11,000 homes and killing some 22,000 people. Reports have also been found that chronicle a corresponding tsunami hitting the east coast of China, killing around 4000 people and doing extensive damage to local crops.
8. Northern Chile - 13 August 1868
This tsunami event was caused by a series of two significant earthquakes, estimated at a magnitude of 8.5, off the coast of Arica, Peru (now Chile). The ensuing waves affected the entire Pacific Rim, with waves reported to be up to 21 m high, which lasted between two and three days. The Arica tsunami was registered by six tide gauges, as far off as Sydney, Australia. A total of 25,000 deaths and an estimated US$300 million in damages were caused by the tsunami and earthquakes combined along the Peru-Chile coast.
9. Ryuku Islands, Japan - 24 April 1771
A magnitude 7.4 earthquake is believed to have caused a tsunami that damaged a large number of islands in the region; however, the most serious damage was restricted to Ishigaki and Miyako Islands. It is commonly cited that the waves that struck Ishigaki Island was 85.4 m high, but it appears this is due to a confusion of the original Japanese measurements, and is more accurately estimated to have been around 11 to 15 m high. The tsunami destroyed a total of 3,137 homes, killing nearly 12,000 people in total.
10. Ise Bay, Japan - 18 January 1586
The earthquake that caused the Ise Bay tsunami is best estimated as being of magnitude 8.2. The waves rose to a height of 6m, causing damage to a number of towns. The town of Nagahama experienced an outbreak of fire as the earthquake first occurred, destroying half the city. It is reported that the nearby Lake Biwa surged over the town, leaving no trace except for the castle. The Ise Bay tsunamis caused more than 8000 deaths and a large amount damage.
Task
You have 20mins to become an expert on one Tsunami
You will create a 2min presentation to the class on the Tsunami
You should try to find out;
-What caused the tsunami
-How much damage was caused
-How severe it was
-What has been done since the tsunami (if anything)
-Anything else relevant to help you explain
Task
Create a memorable (for the right reasons!) public warning system informing them how to deal with a Tsunami.
This could take one of several forms;
Role play
TV commercial
A song
An interview with an expert
Great Waves
Surviving a Tsunami
PANIC!
An earthquake, a volcano and a tsunami is about to hit Hong Kong and wipe it out!
Your family is at risk!
If you had friends they would be at risk too!!
ARRRGGHHH!!!
Create a plan of action for dealing with natural disasters. You will need to assume that help is not going to arrive fast from China in the wake of the disaster. How will you prepare?
Think about;
Where is safest?
How will you store food?
How will you deal with casualties?
Why will your plan help you survive?
Show your plan of action in whatever format you feel is best.
Extension-
What about zombies? How would that affect your planning? Millions of zombies? What are you going to do?